ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ

ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ/ಪಾರಿತೋಷಕ ಇದು ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಅಥವಾ ಶರೀರಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿನ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಸಾಧನೆಗಾಗಿ ನೀಡುವ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ. ಈ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಕ್ಯಾರೋಲಿನ್ಸ್ಕಾ ಇನಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕೊಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ೧೯೦೧ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಪ್ರಥಮ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ೧೯೦೧ರಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಜರ್ಮನಿಯ ಎಮಿಲ್ ಅಡೊಲ್ಫ್ ವಾನ್ ಬೆಹ್ರಿಂಗ್ ಇವರಿಗೆ ಕೊಡಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ೨೦೦೮ರ ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ ದೇಶದ ಇಬ್ಬರು ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಜರ್ಮನಿಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗೆ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಕೊಡಮಾಡಲಾಗುವದು. ಜರ್ಮನಿಯ ಹರಾಲ್ಡ್ ಝುರ್ ಹೌಸೆನ್ ಇವರಿಗೆ ಸರ್ವಿಕಲ್ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುವ ವೈರಸ್ ಗಳ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ ದೇಶದ ಫ್ರಾಂಕಾಯಿಸ್ ಬ್ಯಾರ್ರೆ-ಸಿನೌಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಲುಕ್ ಮಾಂಟೆಗ್ನಿಯರ್ ಇವರಿಗೆ ಏಯ್ಡ್ಸ್ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುವ ರೋಗಾಣುಗಳ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗೆ ೨೦೦೮ರ ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಘೋಷಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.

ಚಿತ್ರ:NobelPrize.JPG
'ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪದಕ'

ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ವಿಜೇತರ ಪಟ್ಟಿ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ

ಈ ಕೆಳಕಂಡ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ೧೯೦೧ ಇಸವಿಯಿಂದ ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪಾರಿತೋಷಕವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದವರನ್ನು ಪಟ್ಟಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ೧೮೯ ಮಂದಿ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ.[೧]

ವರ್ಷ ಹೆಸರು ದೇಶ Citation
1901 ಎಮಿಲ್ ಅಡೋಲ್ಫ್ ವಾನ್ ಬೆಹ್ರಿಂಗ್ ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against ಧನುರ್ವಾಯು (diphtheria), by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[೨]
1902 ರೋನಾಲ್ಡ್ ರಾಸ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲೇಂಡ್ "for his work on ಮಲೇರಿಯ, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[೩]
1903 ನೀಲ್ಸ್ ರೈಬರ್ಗ್ ಫಿನ್ಸೆನ್ ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[೪]
1904 ಇವಾನ್ ಪೆಟ್ರೊವಿಕ್ ಪಾವ್ಲೊವ್ ರಷ್ಯಾ "in recognition of his work on the physiology of ಜೀರ್ಣಾಂಗ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[೫]
1905 ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಕೊಚ್ ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to ಟ್.ಬಿ.ಕಾಯಿಲೆ/tuberculosis"[೬]
1906 ಕಮಿಲೊ ಗೊಲ್ಗಿ
ಸಾಂಟಿಯಾಗೊ ರಮೊನ್ ಯ್ ಕಜಲ್
ಇಟಲಿ
ಸ್ಪೇನ್
" ನರಮಂಡಲ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅರಿವಿಗಾಗಿ (nervous system)"[೭]
1907 ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಆಲ್ಪೆನ್ಸ್ ಲಾವೆರನ್ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[೮]
1908 ಲ್ಯ ಲ್ಯಿಚ್ ಮೆಚ್ನಿಕೊವ್
ಪಾಲ್ ಎಹ್ರಲಿಚ್
ರಷ್ಯಾ
ಜರ್ಮನಿ
" ರೋಗ ನಿರೋಧಕ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಾಗಿ( immunity)"[೯]
1909 ಎಮಿಲ್ ಥಿದೋರ್ ಕೊಚೆರ್ ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲೆಂಡ್ " ಥೈರಾಯ್ಡ್ ಗ್ರಂಥಿಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ಅದ್ಯಯನ ಮತ್ತು ಶಸ್ತ್ರ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ (thyroid gland)"[೧೦]
1910 Albrecht Kossel ಜರ್ಮನಿ "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[೧೧]
1911 Allvar Gullstrand ಸ್ವೀಡನ್ "for his work on the dioptrics of the ನೇತ್ರ(eye)"[೧೨]
1912 Alexis Carrel ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[೧೩]
1913 Charles Robert Richet ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[೧೪]
1914 Robert Bárány ಹಂಗರಿ /ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[೧೫]
1915 [ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ]
1916 [ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ]
1917 [ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ]
1918 [ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ]
1919 Jules Bordet ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[೧೬]
1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[೧೭]
1921 [ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ]
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[೧೮]
Otto Fritz Meyerhof ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[೧೮]
1923 Frederick Grant Banting
John James Richard Macleod
ಕೆನಡಾ
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for the discovery of insulin"[೧೯]
1924 Willem Einthoven ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್ "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[೨೦]
1925 [No award]
1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[೨೧]
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[೨೨]
1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ "for his work on typhus"[೨೩]
1929 Christiaan Eijkman ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್ "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[೨೪]
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[೨೪]
1930 Karl Landsteiner ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ "for his discovery of human blood groups"[೨೫]
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[೨೬]
1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Edgar Douglas Adrian
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[೨೭]
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[೨೮]
1934 George Hoyt Whipple
George Richards Minot
William Parry Murphy
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[೨೯]
1935 Hans Spemann ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[೩೦]
1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Otto Loewi
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ;
ಜರ್ಮನಿ 1903: ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ 1946: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[೩೧]
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt ಹಂಗರಿ "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[೩೨]
1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[೩೩]
1939 Gerhard Domagk ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[೩೪]
1940 [No award]
1941 [No award]
1942 [No award]
1943 Carl Peter Henrik Dam ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ "for his discovery of vitamin K"[೩೫]
Edward Adelbert Doisy ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[೩೫]
1944 Joseph Erlanger
Herbert Spencer Gasser
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[೩೬]
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming
Ernst Boris Chain
Sir Howard Walter Florey
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ;
ಜರ್ಮನಿ /ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ;
Australia /ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[೩೭]
1946 Hermann Joseph Muller ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[೩೮]
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
Czechoslovakia /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
Czechoslovakia /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[೩೯]
Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[೩೯]
1948 Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[೪೦]
1949 Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[೪೧]
Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz Portugal "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[೪೧]
1950 Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeusz Reichstein
Philip Showalter Hench
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
Poland /Switzerland;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[೪೨]
1951 Max Theiler ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ /Switzerland "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[೪೩]
1952 Selman Abraham Waksman Russia, 1916: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[೪೪]
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ /ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[೪೫]
Fritz Albert Lipmann ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[೪೫]
1954 John Franklin Enders
Thomas Huckle Weller
Frederick Chapman Robbins
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[೪೬]
1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell ಸ್ವೀಡನ್ "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[೪೭]
1956 André Frédéric Cournand
Werner Forssmann
Dickinson W. Richards
ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್, 1941: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[೪೮]
1957 Daniel Bovet Switzerland /Italy "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[೪೯]
1958 George Wells Beadle
Edward Lawrie Tatum
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[೫೦]
Joshua Lederberg ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[೫೦]
1959 Severo Ochoa
Arthur Kornberg
ಸ್ಪೇನ್ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[೫೧]
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar
Australia;
ಬ್ರೆಜಿಲ್ /ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[೫೨]
1961 Georg von Békésy Hungary "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[೫೩]
1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
New Zealand /ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[೫೪]
1963 Sir John Carew Eccles
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Andrew Fielding Huxley
Australia
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[೫೫]
1964 Konrad Bloch
Feodor Lynen
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[೫೬]
1965 François Jacob
André Lwoff
Jacques Monod
ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[೫೭]
1966 Peyton Rous ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[೫೮]
Charles B. Huggins ಕೆನಡಾ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[೫೮]
1967 Ragnar Granit
Haldan Keffer Hartline
George Wald
Finland 1940: ಸ್ವೀಡನ್;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[೫೯]
1968 Robert W. Holley
Har Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
India 1966: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[೬೦]
1969 Max Delbrück
Alfred Hershey
Salvador E. Luria
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
Italy
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[೬೧]
1970 Sir Bernard Katz
Ulf von Euler
Julius Axelrod
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ 1941: ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ;
ಸ್ವೀಡನ್
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[೬೨]
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[೬೩]
1972 Gerald M. Edelman
Rodney R. Porter
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[೬೪]
1973 Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen
ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ
ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ
ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[೬೫]
1974 Albert Claude
Christian de Duve
George E. Palade
ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ;
ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ;
ರೊಮೇನಿಯ 1952: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[೬೬]
1975 David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin Temin
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಇಟಲಿ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[೬೭]
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[೬೮]
1977 Roger Guillemin
Andrew Viktor Schally
ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ 1965: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[೬೯]
Rosalyn Yalow ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[೬೯]
1978 Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. Smith
Switzerland
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[೭೦]
1979 Allan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ 1966: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"[೭೧]
1980 Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George D. Snell
Venezuela 1943: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್;
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[೭೨]
1981 Roger W. Sperry ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[೭೩]
David H. Hubel
Torsten N. Wiesel
ಕೆನಡಾ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
ಸ್ವೀಡನ್
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[೭೩]
1982 Sune Bergström
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. Vane
ಸ್ವೀಡನ್
ಸ್ವೀಡನ್
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[೭೪]
1983 Barbara McClintock ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[೭೫]
1984 Niels K. Jerne
Georges J.F. Köhler
César Milstein
ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್;
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ;
Argentina
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[೭೬]
1985 Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[೭೭]
1986 Stanley Cohen
Rita Levi-Montalcini
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ;
Italy /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries of growth factors"[೭೮]
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[೭೯]
1988 Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. Hitchings
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[೮೦]
1989 J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus
ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[೮೧]
1990 Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall Thomas
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[೮೨]
1991 Erwin Neher
Bert Sakmann
ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[೮೩]
1992 Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. Krebs
Switzerland /ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ;
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[೮೪]
1993 Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. Sharp
ಯುನೈಟಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
"for their discoveries of split genes"[೮೫]
1994 Alfred G. Gilman
Martin Rodbell
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[೮೬]
1995 Edward B. Lewis
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
ಜರ್ಮನಿ
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[೮೭]
1996 Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Australia
Switzerland
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[೮೮]
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[೮೯]
1998 Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid Murad
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[೯೦]
1999 Günter Blobel ಜರ್ಮನಿ 1987: ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[೯೧]
2000 Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel
ಸ್ವೀಡನ್
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[೯೨]
2001 Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
ಯುನೈಟಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
ಯುನೈಟಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[೯೩]
2002 Sydney Brenner
H. Robert Horvitz
John E. Sulston
ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕ /ಯುನೈಟಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ 2003: Singapore[೯೪] (honorary);
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ;
ಯುನೈಟಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[೯೫]
2003 Paul Lauterbur
Sir Peter Mansfield
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ
ಯುನೈಟಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[೯೬]
2004 Richard Axel
Linda B. Buck
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[೯೭]
2005 Barry J. Marshall
J. Robin Warren
ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯ "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[೯೮]
2006 Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[೯೯]
2007 Mario Capecchi
Sir Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies
ಇಟಲಿ /ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ;
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ;
ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ /ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ
"for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[೧೦೦]
2008 Harald zur Hausen ಜರ್ಮನಿ "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"[೧೦೧]
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier
ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[೧೦೧]
೨೦೧೬ ಯೊಶಿನೋರಿ ಓಶುಮಿ ಜಪಾನ್ ತಮ್ಮ ಸ್ವಯಂಭಕ್ಷಣ ಕಾರ್ಯವಿಧಾನದ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗಾಗಿ[೧೦೨]

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ

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