ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers: ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ

==General notes==

{{see also|WP:MOSQUOTE}}

Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they employ formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via ''[bracketed interpolation]'', article text, or footnotes.

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{{Shortcut|WP:DATED|WP:EPHEMERAL}}

{{See also|Wikipedia:As of|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Relative time references}}

* '''24-hour clock times''' have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix. Hours under 10 should have a leading zero (e.g. {{xt|08:15}}). {{xt|00:00}} refers to midnight at the start of a date, {{xt|12:00}} to noon, and {{xt|24:00}} to midnight at the end of a date, but "24" should not be used for the first hour of the next day (e.g. use {{xt|00:10}} for ten minutes after midnight, not {{!xt|24:10}}).

The numerical elements of times-of-day are figures ({{xt|12:45{{nbsp}}p.m.}}) rather than words ({{!xt|twelve forty-five p.m.}}) though conventional terms such as {{xt|noon}} and {{xt|midnight}} are acceptable (taking care, with the latter, to avoid possible date ambiguity in constructions such as ''midnight on July 17'').

{{shortcut|WP:TIMEZONE}}Give dates and times appropriate to the [[time zone]] where an event took place. For example, the date of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] should be December{{nbsp}}7, 1941 (Hawaii time/{{zwsp}}date). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker based in Japan attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases the best solution may be to add the date and time in [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC). For example:

:{{in5|2}}&bull;{{in5|2}} {{xt|8{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Eastern Standard Time (North America)|Eastern Standard Time]] on January{{nbsp}}15, 2001 (01:00{{nbsp}}UTC, January{{nbsp}}16)}}

:{{in5|2}}&bull;{{in5|2}}{{xt|21:00{{nbsp}}[[British Summer Time]] ([[UTC+1]]) on 27{{nbsp}}July 2012}}

Rarely, the time zone in which a historical event took place has since changed; for example, China to 1949 was divided into [[Historical time zones of China|five time zones]], whereas all of modern China is [[UTC+8]]. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1961; [[Universal Time]] (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the [[prime meridian (Greenwich)]] when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ.

{{shortcut|WP:YR|MOS:YEAR|WP:DATESNO|MOS:DATEFORMAT}}

These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles. Special rules apply to citations; see {{section link|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citation style}}.

==== Formats ====

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Acceptable date formats

''Note to table:''

{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

{{shortcut|MOS:DATEUNIFY}}

* '''Dates in article body text''' should all use the same format: {{xt|She fell ill on 25{{nbsp}}June 2005 and died on 28{{nbsp}}June}}, but not {{!xt|She fell ill on 25{{nbsp}}June 2005 and died on June{{nbsp}}28}}.

* Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the more common date format for that nation. For the United States, this is month before day; for most others, it is day before month. Articles related to Canada may use either format consistently.

* Sometimes the customary format differs from the usual national one: for example, articles on the modern US military use day before month, in accordance with military usage.

{{shortcut|WP:DATERET}}

{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Retaining the existing variety|l1=Wikipedia:Manual of Style: Retaining the existing variety}}

* The date format chosen by the first major contributor in the early stages of an article should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on article talk.

* Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

{{shortcut|WP:ERA|WP:BCE}}

* The default [[calendar era]] is the [[Dionysian era|Western Dionysian era system]], a year numbering system also known as the Western Christian era (represented by {{xt|[[Anno Domini|BC and AD]]}}), or the [[Common Era]] (represented by {{xt|[[Common Era|BCE and CE]]}}).

At some places and times, the new year began on a date other than 1{{nbsp}}January. For example, in England and its colonies until 1752, the year began on [[Annunciation Day]], 25{{nbsp}}March; see the [[New Year|New Year article]] for other styles. In writing about historical events, however, years should be assumed to have begun on 1{{nbsp}}January (see the example of the execution of Charles I in "[[Old Style and New Style dates#Differences in the start of the year|Differences in the start of the year]]"); if there is reason to use another start-of-year date, this should be noted.

If there is a need to mention [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old or New Style]] dates in an article (as in the [[Glorious Revolution]]), a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the ''New Style'' refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar (it can mean either).

{{shortcut|MOS:DOB|WP:MOSBD|WP:BORN|WP:MOSDOB|WP:OTHERDATE|WP:DATEOTHER|WP:DATERANGE}}

* A pure '''year{{ndash}}year''' range is written (as is any range) using an en dash (<code>&amp;ndash;</code> or <code>{{t|ndash}}</code>), not a hyphen or slash; this dash is usually ''unspaced'' (that is, with no space on either side); and the range's "end" year is usually abbreviated to two digits:

:{{in5|2}}&bull;{{in5|2}} {{xt|'''Anne Smith''' (born 1912 or 1913; died 2013){{nbsp}}...}}

* Other forms of uncertainty should be expressed in words, either in article text or in a footnote: {{xt|April{{nbsp}}14, 1224 (unattested date)}}. Do not use a question mark ({{!xt|1291?}}) for such purposes, as this fails to communicate the nature of the uncertainty.

====Days of the week====

*Days of the week are capitalized ({{xt|Sunday}}, {{xt|Wednesday}}).

:*Two digits (with a preceding apostrophe) may be used as an alternative to four digits, ''but only if this is a well-established phrase seen in reliable sources'' ({{xt|the{{nbsp}}Roaring{{nbsp}}'20s}},{{nbsp}} {{xt|the{{nbsp}}Gay{{nbsp}}'90s}},{{nbsp}} {{xt|condemning the '60s counterculture}}, but {{xt|grew up in 1960s Boston, moving to Dallas in{{nbsp}}1971}}, and do not write {{!xt|the{{nbsp}}90's}};{{nbsp}} {{!xt|the{{nbsp}}90s}};{{nbsp}} or {{!xt|the{{nbsp}}90s'}}).

:*A third alternative (where seen in reliable sources) is to spell the decade out, capitalized: {{xt|changing attitudes of the Sixties}}

{{shortcut|WP:CENTURY|WP:MILLENNIUM}}

*Treat the 1st century AD as years {{nobr|1{{ndash}}100}}, the 17th century as {{nobr|1601{{ndash}}1700}}, and the second millennium as {{nobr|1001{{ndash}}2000}}; similarly, the 1st century BC/BCE was {{nobr|100{{ndash}}1}} BC/BCE, the 17th century was {{nobr|1700{{ndash}}1601}} BC/BCE, and the second millennium {{nobr|2000{{ndash}}1001}} BC/BCE.

* Nouns following [[Fraction (mathematics)#Simple, common, or vulgar fractions|simple fractions]] are singular ({{xt|He took {{frac|4}} dose}},{{nbsp}} {{xt|net change in score was &minus;{{frac|2}} point}},{{nbsp}} {{xt|{{frac|3|2}} dose}}).

* Nouns following mixed numbers are plural ({{xt|victim knew even 1{{frac|1|2}} doses could be fatal}},{{nbsp}} {{xt|they sailed for 4{{frac|2}} nautical miles}}).

{{shortcut|WP:DECIMAL|MOS:DECIMAL}}

* A period/full stop (''never'' a comma) is used as the decimal point ({{xt|6.57}}, not {{!xt|6,57}}).

* Nouns following a number expressed as a decimal are plural ({{xt|averaging 0.7 years}}).

* Indicate repeating digits with an [[Vinculum (symbol)|overbar]] e.g. {{nowrap|<code><nowiki>14.31{{overline|28}}</nowiki></code>}} gives {{xt|14.31{{overline|28}}}}. (Consider explaining this notation on first use.) Do not write e.g. {{nobr|{{!xt|14.31(28)}}}} because it resembles notations for {{section link||Uncertainty}}.

* Left of the decimal point: Five or more digits should be grouped (and exactly four digits may ''optionally'' be grouped) into triples separated by commas (''never'' period/full stop): {{xt|12,200}};{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}} {{xt|255,200}};{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}} {{xt|8,274,527}};{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}} {{xt|1,250}} (optionally {{xt|1250}}).

:* Exception: never group four-digit page numbers or four-digit calendar years' (not {{!xt|sailed in 1,492}}, though {{xt|10,400{{nbsp}}BC}}).

* In the body of scientific/{{zwsp}}technical articles, and in '''tables and infoboxes''' of any article, the symbol ''%'' (unspaced) is more common: {{xt|71%}}, not {{!xt|71 %}} or {{!xt|three %}}. Ranges: {{xt|10{{ndash}}12%}}, not {{!xt|10%{{ndash}}12%}} or {{!xt|10 to 12%}}.

* When expressing the difference between two percentages, do not confuse a percentage change with a change in [[percentage point]]s.

* [[Scientific notation]] always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not {{!xt|{{val|60.22|e=22}}}}, but {{xt|{{val|6.022|e=23}}}}.

* [[Engineering notation]] is similar, but adjusted so that the exponent is a multiple of three: {{xt|{{val|602.2|e=21}}}}.

* In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, {{xt|{{val|5|e=3}}}} means rounded to the nearest thousand; {{xt|{{val|5.0|e=3}}}} to the nearest hundred; {{xt|{{val|5.00|e=3}}}} to the nearest ten; and {{xt|{{val|5.000|e=3}}}} to the nearest unit.

''Markup:'' {{t|Val}} and {{t|e}} may be used to format exponential notation.

{{shortcut|MOS:UNCERTAINTY|MOS:LARGENUM}}

* Where explicit uncertainty information (such as a "[[margin of error]]") is available and appropriate for inclusion, it may be written in various ways:

| {{ xt|Cal}}

|}

{{shortcut|WP:COMPUNITS}}

In quantities of [[bit (computing)|bit]]s and [[byte]]s, the prefixes ''kilo'' (symbol k or K), ''mega'' (M), ''giga'' (G), ''tera'' (T), etc. are ambiguous. They may be based on a decimal system (like the standard [[International System of Units|SI]] prefixes), meaning 10³, 10⁶, 10⁹, 10¹², etc., or they may be based on a binary system, meaning 2¹⁰, 2²⁰, 2³⁰, 2⁴⁰, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as [[Random-access memory|RAM]]), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks.

* In a '''direct quotation''', always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes|footnoting]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources]].

* {{t|Units attention}} may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.

{{shortcut|WP:$|WP:&pound;|WP:€|MOS:CURRENCY}}

{{see also|Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style#Article titles}}

* For '''obsolete currencies''', provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. decimal pounds for historical pre-decimal pounds-and-shillings), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.

* In some cases it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. See {{t|Inflation}} and {{t|Inflation-fn}}.

{{shortcut|WP:COMMONMATH||MOS:MINUS}}

{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics}}